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''Punishment and Social Structure'' (1939), a book written by Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer, is the seminal Marxian analysis of punishment as a social institution. It represents the ‘most sustained and comprehensive account of punishment to have emerged from within the Marxist tradition’ and ‘succeeds in opening up a whole vista of understanding which simply did not exist before it was written’ (Garland 1990: 89, 110). It is a central text in radical criminology, and an influential work in criminological conflict theory, cited as a foundational text in several major textbooks (''Oxford Handbook of Criminology'' 2007; Newburn 2007; Innes 2003). It offers a broader (macrosociological) level of analysis than many micro-analyses that focus on the atomised and differentiated individual (Jacobs 1977: 91). The work is extensively cited by both critical theorists and radical criminologists (Garland and Young 1983: 7, 24), and has influenced seminal works in the sociology of imprisonment, being cited in, for example, modern classics such as Jacobs's ''Stateville'' (1977: 91), Michel Foucault's ''Discipline and Punish'' (1977:24) and ''Punishing the Poor'' (2009: 206) by Loic Wacquant. The work represented a decisive step forward in the development of the criminological imagination regarding punishment, one that places it in significance 'alongside Durkheim's theory of punishment' (Garland 1990: 110). As such the work has been deployed extensively by eminent criminologists and sociologists as a critical lens to understand and explain contemporary phenomena such as mass imprisonment (Zimring and Hawkins 1993: 33), and there has been a significant revival of critical interest in the work. It is regarded as a 'classic', if frequently contested, text in the sociology of punishment, and criminology more generally (Melossi 1978: 79, 81). ==Background== The origins of the book are complex and controversial. Rusche and Kirchheimer were exiles from Nazi Germany (Rusche had a Jewish mother and considered his origins ‘mixed’ (Melossi 2003: x); Kirchheimer was Jewish). Rusche fled to the United Kingdom, then to Palestine, and thence back to the United Kingdom, where he was interned as an enemy alien after the outbreak of war. Kirchheimer originally left for Paris. They were part of a dispersed cohort of émigré German social scientists, many of whom had been associated with the International Institute of Social Research in Frankfurt am Main (also known as the Frankfurt Institute). This Institute, established in 1923, was closed by the German government in 1933, the year of the Nazi takeover. It transferred to Columbia University, New York, and many of the émigré scholars pursued their critical analyses of society there (Horkheimer 1938: ix). The book ''Punishment and Social Structure'' originated in an article suggested by Rusche in 1931, that is, before leaving Germany. The article was ultimately delivered in 1933 and entitled ''Labour Market and Penal Sanction: Thoughts on the Sociology of Criminal Justice.'' It was felt by leading American sociologists/criminologists, Thorsten Sellin and Edwin Sutherland, that the pivotal importance of the topic merited more extensive treatment than Rusche’s article provided, for all its intrinsic conceptual originality (Melossi 2003: xiii). At this point, famously, Rusche was ‘not available’ (Horkheimer 1938: x). The meaning of this euphemistic phrase in the book’s preface remains contested. It is beyond dispute that Rusche was a controversial and erratic figure, leaving a trail of intrigue in his wake in his itinerant life after Germany (Melossi 2003: xiv-xx). This is how it came about that Kirchheimer was commissioned to rework and develop Rusche’s text, adding his own analysis, in particular concerning penal policy under Fascism, while retaining the bulk of the concepts found in Rusche’s original draft. The reconfigured work became the first book published by the newly constituted Institute. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Punishment and Social Structure」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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